![\"\"](\"http:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/images\/blogpics\/Numbers.jpg\" "\\"numbers\\"")
Tape measures. Rulers. Graphs. The gas gauge in your car, and the icon on your favorite digital device showing battery power. The number line and its cousins \u2013 notations that map numbers onto space and often represent magnitude \u2013 are everywhere. Most adults in industrialized societies are so fluent at using the concept, we hardly think about it. We don\u2019t stop to wonder: Is it \u201cnatural\u201d? Is it cultural?<\/p>\n
Now, challenging a mainstream scholarly position that the number-line concept is innate, a study suggests it is learned<\/strong>.<\/p>\n The study, published in PLoS ONE<\/em> April 25, is based on experiments with an indigenous group in Papua New Guinea. It was led by Rafael Nunez, director of the Embodied Cognition Lab and associate professor of cognitive science in the UC San Diego Division of Social Sciences.<\/p>\n \u201cInfluential scholars have advanced the thesis that many of the building blocks of mathematics are \u2018hard-wired\u2019 in the human mind through millions of years of evolution. And a number of different sources of evidence do suggest that humans naturally associate numbers with space,\u201d said Nunez, coauthor of \u201cWhere Mathematics Comes From\u201c and co-director of the newly established Fields Cognitive Science Network at the Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences.<\/p>\n \u201cOur study shows, for the first time, that the number-line concept is not a \u2018universal intuition\u2019 but a particular cultural tool that requires training and education to master<\/strong>,\u201d Nunez said. \u201cAlso, we document that precise number concepts can exist independently of linear or other metric-driven spatial representations<\/strong>.\u201d<\/p>\n Nunez and the research team, which includes UC San Diego cognitive science doctoral alumnus Kensy Cooperrider, now at Case Western Reserve University, and Jurg Wassmann, an anthropologist at the University of Heidelberg who has studied the indigenous group for 25 years, traveled to a remote area of the Finisterre Range of Papua New Guinea to conduct the study.<\/p>\n The upper Yupno valley, like much of Papua New Guinea, has no roads. The research team flew in on a four-seat plane and hiked in the rest of the way, armed with solar-powered equipment, since the valley has no electricity.<\/p>\n The indigenous Yupno in this area number some 5,000, spread over many small villages. They are subsistence farmers. Most have little formal schooling, if any at all. While there is no native writing system, there is a native counting system, with precise number concepts and specific words for numbers greater than 20. But there doesn\u2019t seem to be any evidence of measurement of any sort, Nunez said, \u201cnot with numbers, or feet or elbows.\u201d<\/p>\n Neither Hard-Wired nor \u201cOut There\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Nunez and colleagues asked Yupno adults of the village of Gua to complete a task that has been used widely by researchers interested in basic mathematical intuitions and where they come from. In the original task, people are shown a line and are asked to place numbers onto the line according to their size, with \u201c1\u201d going on the left endpoint and \u201c10\u201d (or sometimes \u201c100\u201d or \u201c1000\u201d) going on the right endpoint. Since many in the study group were illiterate, Nunez and colleagues followed previous studies and adapted the task using groups of one to 10 dots, tones and the spoken words instead of written numbers.<\/p>\n After confirming the Yupno participants\u2019 understanding of numbers with piles of oranges, the researchers gave the number-line task to 14 adults with no schooling and six adults with some degree of formal schooling. There was also a control group of participants in California.<\/p>\n The researchers found that unschooled Yupno adults placed numbers on the line (or mapped numbers onto space), but they did it in a categorical manner, using systematically only the endpoints: putting small numbers on the left endpoint and the mid-size and large numbers on the right, ignoring the extension of the line \u2014 an essential component of the number-line concept. Schooled Yupno adults used the line\u2019s extension but not quite as evenly as adults in California.<\/p>\n \u201cMathematics all over the world \u2013 from Europe to Asia to the Americas \u2013 is largely taught dogmatically, as objective fact, black and white, right\/wrong,\u201d Nunez said. \u201cBut our work shows that there are meaningful human ideas in math, ingenious solutions and designs that have been mediated by writing and notational devices, like the number line. Perhaps we should think about bringing the human saga to the subject \u2013 instead of continuing to treat it romantically, as the \u2018universal language\u2019 it\u2019s not. Mathematics is neither hardwired, nor \u2018out there.\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n Out-of-Body Time<\/strong><\/p>\n The researchers ran several experiments while in Gua, Papua New Guinea, including those that examine another fundamental concept: time.<\/p>\n When talking about past, present and future, people all over the world show a tendency to conceive of these notions spatially, Nunez said. The most common spatial pattern is the one found in the English-speaking world, in which people talk about the future as being in front of them and the past behind, encapsulated, for example, in expressions such as the \u201cweek ahead\u201d and \u201cway back when.\u201d (In earlier research, Nunez found that the Aymara of the Andes seem to do the reverse, placing the past in front and the future behind.)<\/p>\n In their time study with the Yupno, now in press at the journal Cognition<\/em>, Nunez and colleagues find that the Yupno don\u2019t use their bodies as reference points for time \u2013 but rather their valley\u2019s slope and terrain. Analysis of their gestures suggests they co-locate the present with themselves, as do all previously studied groups. (Picture for a moment how you probably point down at the ground when you talk about \u201cnow.\u201d) But, regardless of which way they are facing at the moment, the Yupno point uphill when talking about the future and downhill when talking about the past.<\/p>\n Interestingly and also very unusually, Nunez said, the Yupno seem to think of past and future not as being arranged on a line, such as the familiar \u201ctime line\u201d we have in many Western cultures, but as having a three-dimensional bent shape that reflects the valley\u2019s terrain.<\/p>\n \u201cThese findings suggest that how we think about abstract concepts is even more flexible than previously thought and is profoundly affected by language, culture and environment<\/strong>,\u201d said Nunez.<\/p>\n \u201cOur familiar notions on \u2018fundamental\u2019 concepts such as time and number are so deeply ingrained that they feel natural to us, as though they couldn\u2019t be any other way,\u201d added former graduate student Cooperrider. \u201cWhen confronted with radically different ways of construing experience, we can no longer take for granted our own. Ultimately, no way is more or less \u2018natural\u2019 than the Yupno way.\u201d<\/p>\n The research was supported by a UC San Diego Academic Senate grant, an Institute for Advanced Studies in Berlin fellowship, a UCSD Friends of the International Center fellowship, and the Marsilius Kolleg Heidelberg.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" From the UC San Diego press release via Newswise: Tape measures. Rulers. Graphs. The gas gauge in your car, and the icon on your favorite digital device showing battery power…. Read more »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[18,233],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2667"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2667"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2667\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2669,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2667\/revisions\/2669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2667"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2667"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2667"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}