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Addictions, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder\u00e2\u20ac\u201dsuch painful and harmful problems are recalcitrant to treatment. In the clinic, a person may suppress the association between the stimulus and the response\u00e2\u20ac\u201dsay, a bar with ashtrays and smoking\u00e2\u20ac\u201dby learning to pair the stimulus with a new memory not involving smoking. But once out in the world, faced with bars and ashtrays aplenty, he relapses into the old behavior. Some treatment aims at helping the patient avoid locations and stimuli that trigger the harmful behavior.<\/p>\n
A new article in Current Directions in Psychological Science<\/em><\/a>, a journal published by the Association for Psychological Science<\/a>, says this is not the most effective route. \u00e2\u20ac\u0153The therapist really has little control over the context in which the patient finds himself,\u00e2\u20ac\u009d says Ralph R. Miller, distinguished professor of psychology at the State University of New York at Binghamton, who wrote the article with SUNY colleague Mario A. Laborda. A more promising method, then, is: \u00e2\u20ac\u0153Make the treatment memory stronger.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d<\/p>\n Experimentalists like the authors use the term \u00e2\u20ac\u0153extinction\u00e2\u20ac\u009d for the process, as Miller puts it, of \u00e2\u20ac\u0153teaching the subject new memories that oppose the old memories.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d Clinicians call it \u00e2\u20ac\u0153exposure therapy.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d<\/p>\n The article reviews the psychological literature supporting four ways to make the extinction memory stronger and therefore more enduring: Give more therapy (or in the experimental context, more trials). Conduct the therapy in different locations and contexts\u00e2\u20ac\u201dfor instance, different rooms rather than always the same office. Space the extinction exercises\u00e2\u20ac\u201dor in the lab, the experimental trials\u00e2\u20ac\u201dover the therapeutic session. And finally, provide the treatment sessions separated by more time. These methods exploit established principles of learning: that increased practice enhances learning, and \u00e2\u20ac\u0153spaced practice results in better memory than when the learning trials are massed,\u00e2\u20ac\u009d says Miller.<\/p>\n Miller stresses the importance of animal laboratory research in finding new treatment methods. \u00e2\u20ac\u0153We are developing excellent means in the animal lab to model human psychopathology, not just for screening drugs but for screening behavioral treatments.\u00c2\u00a0 We additionally now have models of the treatment and the limitations of the treatments,\u00e2\u20ac\u009d he says. Determining how to reduce those limitations using rats rather than humans is faster and requires fewer subjects, he says. Numerous clinical studies, moreover, \u00e2\u20ac\u0153certify that our findings with rats also apply to humans.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d<\/p>\n The research cited in Miller and Laborda\u00e2\u20ac\u2122s paper is suggestive of a powerful theory: \u00e2\u20ac\u0153It appears that memories are forever,\u00e2\u20ac\u009d says Miller. It then ratifies those proven facts about learning. \u00e2\u20ac\u0153We are providing alternate memories that compete with the deleterious memory\u00e2\u20ac\u009d\u00e2\u20ac\u201dsay, a new, automatic mental image of having a drink and a conversation in a bar without picking up a cigarette, perhaps accompanied by a feeling of relaxation. \u00e2\u20ac\u0153The trick is that the newer memory when it is retrieved will be stronger than the deleterious memory.\u00e2\u20ac\u009d<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" From the Association for Psychological Science press release: Addictions, phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder\u00e2\u20ac\u201dsuch painful and harmful problems are recalcitrant to treatment. In the clinic, a person may suppress the association… Read more »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[10,4],"tags":[21,20,19,22,12,23,24],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=33"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33\/revisions\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=33"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=33"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/therapytoronto.ca\/news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=33"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}